| 1. |
Omani Frankincense nanoemulsion formulation efficacy and its latent effects on biological aspects of the spiny bollworm (Boisd.).
Metayi MH, Abd El-Naby SS, El-Habal NA, Fahmy HH, Abdou MS, Ali B, Abdel-Rheim KH, Abdel-Megeed A
Our research shed light on the perspective of formulation technology regarding its responsibility to provide phyto-insecticides that are worthy of research into potential novel applications. There has been an increase in interest in using nanoemulsion as a new formulation in a variety of sectors during the last several decades. essential oil (Fam: Burseraceae) from the resin of frankincense trees has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient in a new generation of botanical insecticides. Frankincense nanoemulsion was formulated in 5% ratios comprising frankincense oil, surfactants, and water. A frankincense nanoemulsion was prepared using a high-energy ultra-sonication process and characterized by dynamic light scattering transmission electron microscopy surface tension, viscosity, and zeta potential value. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the chemical profiles of frankincense essential oil. Furthermore, insecticidal effects against second instar larvae of the spiny bollworm, , as well as their latent effects on the larvae were studied. In the present study, the formulation was a good nanoemulsion. The surface tension was 53.69, the viscosity was 4.76 cPs, the zeta potential was-10 mV, and the size distribution was 41.30 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoemulsion was found to be 0.26, and the morphology of the frankincense nanoemulsion was visualized in a spherical shape. The main constituents identified in frankincense oil were α-pinene (15.52%); monolinolenin (12.92%); and geranylgeranyl acetate (9.99%). The results showed significant insecticidal activity against the larval stage and considerably decreased the pupation percentage with increasing the volume of the frankincense nanoemulsion. On the other hand, the latent effects of the frankincense nanoemulsion on resulted in a higher prolongation of larval and pupal durations as well as a significant reduction in the weight of larvae and pupae of Additionally, frankincense nanoemulsion dramatically influenced the adult emergence percentage. It also caused a significantly lower hatchability percentage compared to the untreated control. The concentrations used and the types of mating combination have a significant effect on the fecundity of . This novel frankincense nanoemulsion formulation could be used in strategies to control the spiny bollworm on cotton plants.
Front Physiol. 2022;13():1001136.
PMID: 36277209 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 2. |
Treading carefully: saving frankincense trees in Yemen.
Jamal S
Nature. 2022 Sep;609(7928):862-863.
PMID: 36042300 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 3. |
Effects of Frankincense Compounds on Infection, Inflammation, and Oral Health.
Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Sivakumar N, Asadi H, Chang-Chien A, Qoronfleh MW, Ojcius DM, Essa MM
trees, found throughout the Middle East and parts of Africa and Asia, are the source of frankincense oil. Since antiquity, frankincense has been traded as a precious commodity, but it has also been used for the treatment of chronic disease, inflammation, oral health, and microbial infection. More recently, the bioactive components of trees have been identified and characterized for their effects on cancer, microbial infection (especially infection by oral pathogens), and inflammation. Most studies have focused on cell lines, but more recent research has also investigated effects in animal models of disease. As natural products are considered to be safer than synthetic drugs, there is growing interest in further developing the use of substances such as frankincense oil for therapeutic treatment.
Molecules. 2022 Jun;27(13):.
PMID: 35807419 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 4. |
Genome structure and evolutionary history of frankincense producing .
Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Wang JP, Asaf S, Riethoven JM, Shehzad T, Liew CS, Song XM, Schachtman DP, Liu C, Yu JG, Zhang ZK, Meng FB, Yuan JQ, Wei CD, Guo H, Wang X, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ, Bennetzen JL, Wang XY
Flueck (family Burseraceae) tree is wounded to produce frankincense. We report its assembled genome (667.8 Mb) comprising 18,564 high-confidence protein-encoding genes. Comparing conserved single-copy genes across eudicots suggest >97% gene space assembly of genome. Evolutionary history shows gene-duplications derived from recent paralogous events and retained from ancient hexaploidy shared with other eudicots. The genome indicated a major expansion of Gypsy retroelements in last 2 million years. The genetic diversity showed four clades intermixed with a primary genotype-dominating most resin-productive trees. Further, the stem transcriptome revealed that wounding concurrently activates phytohormones signaling, cell wall fortification, and resin terpenoid biosynthesis pathways leading to the synthesis of boswellic acid-a key chemotaxonomic marker of . The sequence datasets reported here will serve as a foundation to investigate the genetic determinants of frankincense and other resin-producing species in Burseraceae.
iScience. 2022 Jul;25(7):104574.
PMID: 35789857 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 5. |
Seed Viability and Potential Germination Rate of Nine Endemic Taxa (Burseraceae) from Socotra Island (Yemen).
Hamdiah S, Karas L, Houšková K, Van Damme K, Attorre F, Vahalík P, Habrová H, Lvončík S, Eler K, Maděra P
The endemic species (Burseraceae) on Socotra Island (Yemen) are of great local significance due to their various local ethnobotanical uses. However, despite the fact that these trees are endangered, little is known about their biology. We tested seed germination rates in controlled experiments (trials of 21 days) for two subsequent years and for nine endemic taxa of occurring on Socotra Island. For this, seeds were collected island-wide from a wide range of localities and for several populations per species. We observed differences in germination among species, among species and localities and among both years, which indicates that the development of seeds is strongly affected by external ecological factors. Although we noted a large variation in seed germination (relatively high in ), and half of the species showed relatively low mean daily germination, our study indicated that all endangered endemic Frankincense Tree taxa of Socotra harbor the potential for in situ conservation through recruitment, given that known impacts can be reduced in local replantation areas (e.g., grazing).
Plants (Basel). 2022 May;11(11):.
PMID: 35684190 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 6. |
Eco-friendly adsorbents based on abietic acid, boswellic acid, and chitosan/magnetite for removing waste oil from the surface of the water.
Fekry M, Elmesallamy SM, El-Rahman NRA, Bekhit M, Elsaied HA
Petroleum oil leakage and industrial oily waste on the water surface are sustainable pollutions. The removal process by eco-friendly adsorbents is a critical challenge. It also requires sustainable treatment. The natural hydrophobic material such as abietic acid, boswellic acid, and chitosan was added to magnetite nanoparticles with different concentrations of 10, 15, and 20% on its surface. The magnetite acquires partially hydrophobic properties. The prepared natural adsorbents were analyzed by employing wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size and zeta potential, and contact angle measurements. Chitosan adsorbs at the outer surface of magnetite nanoparticles while boswellic and abietic absorb in bulk. All prepared adsorbents are effective in adsorbing waste oil from the water surface. The contact angle of MB20 (magnetite/20 percent boswellic) is greater than that of MA20 and MC20 (magnetite/20% abietic or chitosan, respectively), indicating that it has more hydrophobic characteristics. The oil removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of MB20 are the highest values 57.6%, and 24 g/g, respectively. All eco-friendly adsorbents are nontoxic with low-cost production and are used many times.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(43):64633-64646.
PMID: 35474426 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 7. |
Transcriptomics of tapping and healing process in frankincense tree during resin production.
Khan AL, Asaf S, Numan M, AbdulKareem NM, Imran M, Riethoven JM, Kim HY, Al-Harrasi A, Schachtman DP, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Fluek) has been poorly known on how it responds to tapping and wound-recovery process at molecular levels. Here, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to profile transcriptome of B. sacra after 30 min, 3 h and 6 h of post-tapping. Results showed 5525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to terpenoid biosynthesis, phytohormonal regulation, cellular transport, and cell-wall synthesis. Plant-growth-regulators were applied exogenously which showed regulation of endogenous jasmonates and resulted in rapid recovery of cell-wall integrity by significantly up-regulated gene expression of terpenoid biosynthesis (germacrene-D synthase, B-amyrin synthase, and squalene epioxidase-1) and cell-wall synthesis (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, cellulose synthase-A, and cell-wall hydrolase) compared to control. These findings suggest that tapping immediately activated several cell-developmental and regeneration processes, alongwith defense-induced terpenoid metabolism, to improve the healing process in epidermis. Exogenous growth regulators, especially jasmonic acid, can drastically help tree recovery from tissue degeneration and might help in tree conservation purposes.
Genomics. 2021 Nov;113(6):4337-4351.
PMID: 34798281 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 8. |
BAHD acetyltransferase contributes to wound-induced biosynthesis of oleo-gum resin triterpenes in Boswellia.
Kumar A, Srivastava P, Srivastava G, Sandeep , Kumar N, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S
Triterpenes (30-carbon isoprene compounds) represent a large and highly diverse class of natural products that play various physiological functions in plants. The triterpene biosynthetic enzymes, particularly those catalyzing the late-stage regio-selective modifications are not well characterized. The bark of select Boswellia trees, e.g., B. serrata exudes specialized oleo-gum resin in response to wounding, which is enriched with boswellic acids (BAs), a unique class of C3α-epimeric pentacyclic triterpenes with medicinal properties. The bark possesses a network of resin secretory structures comprised of vertical and horizontal resin canals, and amount of BAs in bark increases considerably in response to wounding. To investigate BA biosynthetic enzymes, we conducted tissue-specific transcriptome profiling and identified a wound-responsive BAHD acetyltransferase (BsAT1) of B. serrata catalyzing the late-stage C3α-O-acetylation reactions in the BA biosynthetic pathway. BsAT1 catalyzed C3α-O-acetylation of αBA, βBA, and 11-keto-βBA in vitro and in planta assays to produce all the major C3α-O-acetyl-BAs (3-acetyl-αBA, 3-acetyl-βBA, and 3-acetyl-11-keto-βBA) found in B. serrata bark and oleo-gum resin. BsAT1 showed strict specificity for BA scaffold, whereas it did not acetylate the more common C3β-epimeric pentacyclic triterpenes. The analysis of steady-state kinetics using various BAs revealed distinct substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. BsAT1 transcript expression coincides with increased levels of C3α-O-acetyl-BAs in bark in response to wounding, suggesting a role of BsAT1 in wound-induced biosynthesis of C3α-O-acetyl-BAs. Overall, the results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of principal chemical constituents of Boswellia oleo-gum resin.
Plant J. 2021 Sep;107(5):1403-1419.
PMID: 34165841 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 9. |
Continuous resin tapping for frankincense harvest increases susceptibility of (Del.) Hochst trees to longhorn beetle damage.
Negussie A, Gebrehiwot K, Yohannes M, Norgrove L, Aynekulu E
Frankincense is an important tree resin that provides a livelihood in the semi-arid lower highlands of East Africa. In the absence of sustainable management strategies, trees were being overexploited, leading to a depletion of genetic diversity, affected by pests and diseases, failure in natural regeneration, and hence a subsequent decline in socio-ecological benefits obtained from the species. We studied the impact of (i) continuous resin tapping without resting years and (ii) tapping or wonding intensity for frankincence production on the prevalence of longhorn beetle ( Gahan, Cerambycidae (sub family Lamiinae) damage in northern Ethiopia. We found that continuous resin tapping for frankincense harvest without adequate resting period made trees more vulnerable to longhorn beetle damage ( < 0.05). Trees rested for 10 and more years from resin tapping had less beetle damage occurrence than those tapped continuously ( < 0.05). Stem tapping intensity of more than 12 wounds per tree in one frankincense harvesting season caused high longhorn beetle damage incidence in Central Tigray (up to 90%) and Western Tigray (up to 80%). We recommend that trees should have a resting period of at least 3 years and more after one year of continuous tapping. Depending on the size of a tree, wounding for frankincense harvest should be restricted to less than 12 wounds per tree. These measures would help the species develop resistance to longhorn beetle attack and maintain a healthy population for sustainable provision of ecosystem services including frankincense production in the dryalnds of northern Ethiopia.
Heliyon. 2021 Feb;7(2):e06250.
PMID: 33665427 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 10. |
Population status of woodland and prioritizing its conservation interventions using multi-criteria decision model in northern Ethiopia.
Gidey T, Hagos D, Juhar HM, Solomon N, Negussie A, Crous-Duran J, Oliveira TS, Abiyu A, Palma JH
woodland provides considerable economic, ecological and socio-cultural benefits in the drylands of Ethiopia. However, its populations are in rapid decline due to human pressure and environmental degradation. As a consequence, the species is now considered being endangered, demanding an urgent conservation intervention to sustain its existence. This study was carried out in the Abergele district, northern Ethiopia, with objectives to characterize the current population structure of and prioritize its potential conservation intervention alternatives using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) modelling techniques. The woody species related data were collected from 33 sample plots randomly established in the study area. Data related to the potential intervention alternatives and their evaluating criteria were collected from experts, personal experiences and intensive literature reviews, and then validated using stakeholders' focus group discussion. Four candidate alternatives were then considered for the AHP: 1) free grazing with no tapping resting period (FGNTR), 2) free grazing with a rotational tapping (FGRT), 3) area exclosure with medium tapping resting period (AEMTR), and 4) area exclosure with long tapping resting period (AELTR). The results showed that the population structure of is unstable and is characterized by low density (266 trees ha), absence of regeneration and saplings (DBH<10 cm) due to different interrelated disturbances such as overgrazing, over tapping, pests, agricultural expansion and poor managements. The overall priority ranking value of all stakeholders using the AHP techniques also indicated that AEMTR (with overall rank value of 0.352) and AELTR (0.294) as the best alternatives strategies, respectively, for sustainable woodland conservation. For the success of these strategies, their economic impacts at their early implementation stages (5-10 years) should be minimized by collecting different non-timber forest products from the woodland. Continuous capacity building training on sustainable utilizations and managements of woodland should also be provided for all relevant stakeholders.
Heliyon. 2020 Oct;6(10):e05139.
PMID: 33072912 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 11. |
Roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra Flueck. trees.
Yamamoto F, Iwanaga F, Al-Busaidi A, Yamanaka N
The roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra trees growing in the drylands of Oman were studied. On March 18 (Experiment 1) and September 17 (Experiment 2), 2018, 32-year-old B. sacra trees with multiple trunks were selected at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Various lanolin pastes containing Ethrel, an ethylene-releasing compound; methyl jasmonate; sodium salicylate; and combinations of these compounds were applied to debarked wounds 15 mm in diameter on the trunks. After a certain period, the frankincense resin secreted from each wound was harvested and weighed. The anatomical characteristics of the resin ducts were also studied in the bark tissue near the upper end of each wound. The combination of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate greatly enhanced frankincense resin production within 7 days in both seasons. The application of methyl jasmonate alone, sodium salicylate alone or a combination of both did not affect resin production. These findings suggest a high possibility of artificial enhancement of frankincense resin production by the combined application of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate to B. sacra trees.
Sci Rep. 2020 Oct;10(1):16760.
PMID: 33028915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 12. |
Effect of -cysteine, , and Whey Protein on the Antioxidant and Physicochemical Properties of Pork Patties.
Yang F, Cho WY, Seo HG, Jeon BT, Kim JH, Kim YHB, Wang Y, Lee CH
This study investigated the effects of -cysteine (C) combined with (B) and whey protein (W) on the antioxidant and physicochemical properties of pork patties. Proximate composition, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, texture profile analysis, sensory evaluation, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), DPPH radical-scavenging activity, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and color stability were assessed. Patty VBN gradually increased throughout the storage period. However, VBN for the C treatment increased relatively slowly, indicating that cysteine can delay spoilage and extend the shelf life of patties. The protein content of the whey powder treatment group increased to a greater extent than that of the C and control (CON) groups. Pork patties supplemented with antioxidants showed significantly higher WHC and significantly lower cooking loss and hardness than the CON. Moreover, the addition of 2% whey, 1% , and 0.25% cysteine (WBC) significantly enhanced the relative DPPH radical-scavenging activity and sensory characteristics of the patties. After 7-day storage, the MetMb and TBARS values of all treatments were significantly lower than those of the untreated. The results indicated that there was synergy among the cysteine, , and whey protein. This finding is of great importance to the production of high-quality pork patties with enhanced shelf life.
Foods. 2020 Jul;9(8):.
PMID: 32722299 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 13. |
Structure-Activity Relationships of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Enzymes.
Vo NNQ, Nomura Y, Muranaka T, Fukushima EO
Pentacyclic triterpenes may be active agents and provide a rich natural resource of promising compounds for drug development. The inhibitory activities of 29 natural oleanane and ursane pentacyclic triterpenes were evaluated against four major enzymes involved in the inflammatory process: 5-LOX, 15-LOX-2, COX-1, and COX-2. It was found that 3--acetyl-β-boswellic acid potently inhibited human 15-LOX-2 (IC = 12.2 ± 0.47 μM). Analysis of the structure-activity relationships revealed that the presence of a hydroxy group at position 24 was beneficial in terms of both 5-LOX and COX-1 inhibition. Notably, the introduction of a carboxylic acid group at position 30 was important for dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitory activity; furthermore, its combination with a carbonyl group at C-11 considerably increased 5-LOX inhibition. Also, the presence of an α-hydroxy group at C-2 or a carboxylic acid group at C-23 markedly suppressed the 5-LOX activity. The present findings reveal that the types and configurations of polar moieties at positions C-2, -3, -11, -24, and -30 are important structural aspects of pentacyclic triterpenes for their potential as anti-inflammatory lead compounds.
J Nat Prod. 2019 Dec;82(12):3311-3320.
PMID: 31774676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 14. |
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of .
Wang Y, Hao J, Lu B
The first complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequence of was determined from Illumina HiSeq pair-end sequencing data in this study. The cpDNA is 163,347 bp in length, contains a large single-copy (LSC) region of 87,838 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 13,935 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 30,787 bp. The genome contains 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the whole genome is 37.5%, and the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.8%, 32.6%, and 41.1%, respectively. Further, phylogenomic analysis showed that clustered together with .
Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 2019 Oct;4(2):3471-3472.
PMID: 33366044 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 15. |
The complete chloroplast genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of .
Lai RL, Feng X, Chen J, Chen YT, Wu RJ
is one of the precious and characteristic fruit trees of China. In this study, we first presented the complete chloroplast genome of by using BGISEQ-500 sequencing. Its complete chloroplast genome is 163,140 bp in size, containing a pair of inverted repeat regions of 30,729 bp, a large single copy region of 87,748 bp and a small single copy region of 13,934 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 117 unique genes, including 83 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genomes indicated that was closest to .
Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 2019 Sep;4(2):2948-2949.
PMID: 33365806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 16. |
Organic Certification is Not Enough: The Case of the Methoxydecane Frankincense.
Johnson S, DeCarlo A, Satyal P, Dosoky NS, Sorensen A, Setzer WN
Frankincense, the oleo-gum-resin of trees, has been an important religious and medicinal element for thousands of years, and today is used extensively for essential oils. One of the most popular frankincense species is Flueck. (syn. Birdw.) from Somalia and Somaliland. Recent increases in demand have led to many areas being overharvested, emphasizing the need for incentives and monitoring for sustainable harvesting, such as certification schemes. Concurrently, a new chemical component, called methoxydecane, has emerged in oils claimed to be , suggesting the possibility of a chemical marker of overharvesting or other stress that could aid in monitoring. To find the source of this new chemical component, we sampled resin directly from trees in areas producing the new methoxydecane chemotype. This revealed that methoxydecane comes not from , but from a newly described frankincense species, . The presence of oil in essential oil sold as pure , including certified organic oil, emphasizes the current lack of traceability in the supply chain and the ineffectiveness of organic certification to secure purity and sustainable harvesting in wildcrafted species.
Plants (Basel). 2019 Apr;8(4):.
PMID: 30987305 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 17. |
First complete chloroplast genomics and comparative phylogenetic analysis of Commiphora gileadensis and C. foliacea: Myrrh producing trees.
Khan A, Asaf S, Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Sudairy O, AbdulKareem NM, Khan A, Shehzad T, Alsaady N, Al-Lawati A, Al-Rawahi A, Shinwari ZK
Commiphora gileadensis and C. foliacea (family Burseraceae) are pantropical in nature and known for producing fragrant resin (myrrh). Both the tree species are economically and medicinally important however, least genomic understanding is available for this genus. Herein, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequences of C. gileadensis and C. foliacea and comparative analysis with related species (C. wightii and Boswellia sacra). A modified chloroplast DNA extraction method was adopted, followed with next generation sequencing, detailed bioinformatics and PCR analyses. The results revealed that the cp genome sizes of C. gileadensis and C. foliacea, are 160,268 and 160,249 bp, respectively, with classic quadripartite structures that comprises of inverted repeat's pair. Overall, the organization of these cp genomes, GC contents, gene order, and codon usage were comparable to other cp genomes in angiosperm. Approximately, 198 and 175 perfect simple sequence repeats were detected in C. gileadensis and C. foliacea genomes, respectively. Similarly, 30 and 25 palindromic, 15 and 25 forward, and 20 and 25 tandem repeats were determined in both the cp genomes, respectively. Comparison of these complete cp genomes with C. wightii and B. sacra revealed significant sequence resemblance and comparatively highest deviation in intergenic spacers. The phylo-genomic comparison showed that C. gileadensis and C. foliacea form a single clade with previously reported C. wightii and B. sacra from family Burseraceae. Current study reports for the first time the cp genomics of species from Commiphora, which could be helpful in understanding genetic diversity and phylogeny of this myrrh producing species.
PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0208511.
PMID: 30629590 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 18. |
Endogenous phytohormones of frankincense producing Boswellia sacra tree populations.
Khan AL, Mabood F, Akber F, Ali A, Shahzad R, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Shinwari ZK, Lee IJ
Boswellia sacra, an endemic tree to Oman, is exposed to man-made incisions for commercial level frankincense production, whereas unsustainable harvesting may lead to population decline. In this case, assessment of endogenous phytohormones (gibberellic acid (GA), indole-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA) and kinetin) can help to understand population health and growth dynamics. Hence, it was aimed to devise a robust method using Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with multivariate methods for phytohormone analysis of thirteen different populations of B. sacra. NIRS data was recorded in absorption mode (10000-4000 cm-1) to build partial least squares regression model (calibration set 70%). Model was externally cross validated (30%) as a test set to check their prediction ability before the application to quantify the unknown amount of phytohormones in thirteen different populations of B. sacra. The results showed that phytohormonal contents varied significantly, showing a trend of SA>GA/IAA>kinetin across different populations. SA and GA contents were significantly higher in Pop13 (Hasik), followed by Pop2 (Dowkah)-an extreme end of B. sacra tree cover in Dhofar region. A similar trend in the concentration of phytohormones was found when the samples from 13 populations were subjected to advance liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometer and gas chromatograph with selected ion monitor analysis. The current analysis provides alternative tool to assess plant health, which could be important to in situ propagation of tree population as well as monitoring tree population growth dynamics.
PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0207910.
PMID: 30566477 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 19. |
Development of microsatellite markers for the resin-yielding, non-timber forest product species (Burseraceae).
Maradani BS, Gudasalamani R, Setty S, Chandrasekaran R
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: (Burseraceae) is an economically important aromatic, gum-resin-yielding, non-timber forest tree species. Microsatellite markers were developed for for the first time to study genetic diversity and population structure.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A magnetic bead enrichment method was used to develop 16 microsatellite markers, of which 11 were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus in the 60 individuals studied ranged from three to 10, and the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.50 to 0.90 and 0.666 to 0.861, respectively. The primers successfully amplified in the congeneric species .
CONCLUSIONS: These microsatellite markers can be used to study the genetic variation and population structure of and to provide crucial information on population and ecological issues for management and conservation of the species.
Appl Plant Sci. 2018 Sep;6(9):e01180.
PMID: 30276028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 20. |
Sustainable supply, a foundation for natural product development: The case of Indian frankincense (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.).
Brendler T, Brinckmann JA, Schippmann U
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. is a multiple-use tree species used for fodder, timber and is tapped for an oleo-resin known internationally as Indian frankincense or Indian olibanum. The main commercial uses of B. serrata oleo-resin are medicinal, religious, and in cosmetics and perfumery. B. serrata, like other frankincense species, is an important source of boswellic acid used in the pharmaceutical industry. India is the only producer of B. serrata oleo-resin, mainly from the states of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Jharkhand. Market demands, harvesting and managing practices have pressured Indian frankincense populations into imminent decline and start to affect populations of African frankincense as buyers turn to look for substitutions.
AIMS OF THE REVIEW: We have assessed the ecological status of Indian frankincense based on the assumption that current species management practices are not sustainable. This review summarizes the outcomes of this assessment in terms of habitat and population trends, harvesting/collection practices and uses, current threats and management measures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, we reviewed published information on B. serrata population biology and studies on impacts of wild harvest from across the geographic range of this species. Secondly, global trade data for B. serrata were analysed. Thirdly, we reviewed published information on B. serrata management measures and cultivation practices.
RESULTS: The five largest importers of frankincense from India in 2016-2017 were Trinidad & Tobago, Germany, Guatemala, Mexico and the USA, in order of volume. Total volumes exported were 102.8 metric tonnes in 2015-2016 and 74.56 metric tonnes in 2016-2017. Collection data are less readily available. What could be found, however, points toward market demand for Indian frankincense and its derivatives by far exceeding what can reasonably be harvested/collected without endangering populations of this species, opening the door to adulteration and substitution.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, not only sustainable harvesting and management practices, but also establishing sustainable supply chains are needed to protect this species from overexploitation and thus endangerment.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Oct;225():279-286.
PMID: 30031142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 21. |
The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), an Important Pantropical Tree.
Saina JK, Li ZZ, Gichira AW, Liao YY
(Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) is a deciduous tree widely distributed throughout temperate regions in China, hence suitable for genetic diversity and evolutionary studies. Previous studies in have mainly focused on its biological activities, genetic diversity and genetic structure. However, until now there is no published report regarding genome of this plant species or Simaroubaceae family. Therefore, in this paper, we first characterized complete chloroplast genome sequence. The tree of heaven chloroplast genome was found to be a circular molecule 160,815 base pairs (bp) in size and possess a quadripartite structure. The chloroplast genome contains 113 unique genes of which 79 and 30 are protein coding and transfer RNA (tRNA) genes respectively and also 4 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) with overall GC content of 37.6%. Microsatellite marker detection identified A/T mononucleotides as majority SSRs in all the seven analyzed genomes. Repeat analyses of seven Sapindales revealed a total of 49 repeats in , , , , while , , and had a total of 48 repeats. The phylogenetic analysis using protein coding genes revealed that is a sister to and also suggested that Simaroubaceae is a sister to Rutaceae family. The genome information reported here could be further applied for evolution and invasion, population genetics, and molecular studies in this plant species and family.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar;19(4):.
PMID: 29561773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 22. |
Quantification of Incensole in Three Boswellia Species by NIR Spectroscopy Coupled with PLSR and Cross-Validation by HPLC.
Al-Shidhani S, Rehman NU, Mabood F, Al-Broumi M, Hussain H, Hussain J, Csuk R, Al-Harrasi A
INTRODUCTION: Incensole can be considered as a biomarker for Boswellia species which is a diterpene that has received remarkable pharmacological interest recently due to its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant activity.
OBJECTIVE: Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with PLSR (partial least squares regression) as a robust, rapid and alternative method was used to quantify the content of incensole in three species namely B. papyrifera, B. sacra and B. serrata and cross-validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: NIR spectrophotometer was used for the quantification of incensole standards and Boswellia species in absorption mode in the wavelength range between 700 and 2500 nm. A PLSR model was built from the obtained spectral data using 70% of the incensole working standard solutions (training set), ranging from 0.5 to 100 ppm. The PLSR model obtained has a R value of 98% with a correlationship of 0.99 and a good prediction with root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) value of 3.2%.
RESULTS: The results indicated that the methanol (MeOH) extract of B. papyrifera resin has the highest concentration of incensole (18.4%) followed by n-hexane (13.5%) and ethyl acetate (3.6%) while trace amounts was detected in the fractions of B. sacra and no incensole was detected in the fractions of B. serrata.
CONCLUSION: The findings are in total agreement with the HPLC analysis suggesting that NIR spectroscopy coupled with PLSR is a robust, rapid and non-destructive alternate method for the quantification of incensole in B. papyrifera. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochem Anal. 2018 May;29(3):300-307.
PMID: 29314317 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 23. |
Rhizospheric microbial communities associated with wild and cultivated frankincense producing Boswellia sacra tree.
Khan AL, Asaf S, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ, Al-Harrasi A
Boswellia sacra, a frankincense producing endemic tree, has been well known for its cultural, religious and economic values. However, the tree has been least explored for the associated microsymbiota in the rhizosphere. The current study elucidates the fungal and bacterial communities of the rhizospheric regions of the wild and cultivated B. sacra tree populations through next generation sequencing. The sequence analysis showed the existence of 1006±8.9 and 60.6±3.1 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) for bacterial and fungal communities respectively. In fungal communities, five major phyla were found with significantly higher abundance of Ascomycota (60.3%) in wild population and Basidiomycota (52%) in cultivated tree rhizospheres. Among bacterial communities, 31 major phyla were found, with significant distribution of Actinobacteria in wild tree rhizospheres, whereas Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were highly abundant in cultivated trees. The diversity and abundance of microbiome varied significantly depending upon soil characteristics of the three different populations. In addition, significantly higher glucosidases, cellulases and indole-3-acetic acid were found in cultivated tree's rhizospheres as compared to wild tree populations. for these plants to survive the harsh arid-land environmental conditions. The current study is a first comprehensive work and advances our knowledge about the core fungal and bacterial microbial microbiome associated with this economically important tree.
PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186939.
PMID: 29053752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 24. |
Deeper Insight in Beehives: Metagenomes of Royal Jelly, Pollen, and Honey from Lavender, Chestnut, and Fir Honeydew and Epiphytic and Endophytic Microbiota of Lavender and Rose Flowers.
Crovadore J, Gérard F, Chablais R, Cochard B, Bergman Jensen KK, Lefort F
Microbiota of beehive products are very little known. We report here for the first time six metagenomes of royal jelly, pollen, and different types of honey from wild and cultivated lavender, chestnut, and fir honeydew. Four metagenomes of epiphytic and endophytic microbiota of lavender and rose flowers are also reported.
Genome Announc. 2017 Jun;5(22):.
PMID: 28572315 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 25. |
The First Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Boswellia sacra, a Resin-Producing Plant in Oman.
Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Asaf S, Park CE, Park GS, Khan AR, Lee IJ, Al-Rawahi A, Shin JH
Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae), a keystone endemic species, is famous for the production of fragrant oleo-gum resin. However, the genetic make-up especially the genomic information about chloroplast is still unknown. Here, we described for the first time the chloroplast (cp) genome of B. sacra. The complete cp sequence revealed a circular genome of 160,543 bp size with 37.61% GC content. The cp genome is a typical quadripartite chloroplast structure with inverted repeats (IRs 26,763 bp) separated by small single copy (SSC; 18,962 bp) and large single copy (LSC; 88,055 bp) regions. De novo assembly and annotation showed the presence of 114 unique genes with 83 protein-coding regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the B. sacra cp genome is closely related to the cp genome of Azadirachta indica and Citrus sinensis, while most of the syntenic differences were found in the non-coding regions. The pairwise distance among 76 shared genes of B. sacra and A. indica was highest for atpA, rpl2, rps12 and ycf1. The cp genome of B. sacra reveals a novel genome, which could be used for further studied to understand its diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny.
PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169794.
PMID: 28085925 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 26. |
First draft genome sequencing of indole acetic acid producing and plant growth promoting fungus Preussia sp. BSL10.
Khan AL, Asaf S, Khan AR, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ
Preussia sp. BSL10, family Sporormiaceae, was actively producing phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid) and extra-cellular enzymes (phosphatases and glucosidases). The fungus was also promoting the growth of arid-land tree-Boswellia sacra. Looking at such prospects of this fungus, we sequenced its draft genome for the first time. The Illumina based sequence analysis reveals an approximate genome size of 31.4Mbp for Preussia sp. BSL10. Based on ab initio gene prediction, total 32,312 coding sequences were annotated consisting of 11,967 coding genes, pseudogenes, and 221 tRNA genes. Furthermore, 321 carbohydrate-active enzymes were predicted and classified into many functional families.
J Biotechnol. 2016 May;225():44-5.
PMID: 26995610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 27. |
A review of commercially important African medicinal plants.
Van Wyk BE
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Data on the relative importance and research status of commercially relevant African medicinal plants are needed for developing new research strategies in order to stimulate much-needed ethnopharmacological research and to promote the commercialization of African plants.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To present an illustrated bird's eye view and comparative analysis of the relative popularity and importance of commercialized African medicinal plants. A comparison is made between the general popularity and commercial importance of the species (as indicated by their footprint on the World Wide Web) and their scientific popularity and importance (as indicated by the number of research publications). The inventory and review is strongly focussed to cover all or most of the medicinal plant raw materials in the international trade that are exported from African countries, with less emphasis on those that are regularly traded on local and regional markets within Africa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review is based on literature data, Scopus and Google searches, commercial information and the author's own experience and observations.
RESULTS: More than 5400 plant species are used in traditional medicine in Africa, of which less than 10% have been commercially developed to some extent. Africa is home to more than 80 valuable commercial species that are regularly traded on international markets, including phytomedicines (e.g. Harpagophytum procumbens and Pelargonium sidoides), functional foods (e.g. Adansonia digitata and Hibiscus sabdariffa) and sources of pure chemical entities (e.g. caffeine from Coffea arabica and yohimbine from Pausinystalia johimbe). According to the Scopus results, about 60% of all recent publications on African medicinal plants appeared in the last decade, with an average of 280 papers (28 per year) for 85 prominent species of international trade. The most popular African species for research (number of publications in brackets) were: Ricinus communis (5187), Aloe vera (2832), Catharanthus roseus (2653), Sesamum indicum (2534), Strophanthus gratus (2514), Coffea arabica (2431), Citrullus lanatus (2215), Momordica charantia (2047), Withania somnifera (1767), Trigonella foenum-graecum (1687), Acacia senegal (1373), Centella asiatica (1355), Griffonia simplicifolia (1010), Hibiscus sabdariffa (987), Tamarindus indica (973) and Catha edulis (947). The top species in terms of recent research interest (% of publications in last decade) were: Hoodia gordonii (95%), Cyclopia genistoides (93%), Sceletium tortuosum (90%), Agathosma betulina (89%), Pelargonium sidoides (86%), Boswellia papyrifera (85%), Lessertia (Sutherlandia) frutescens (84%), Boswellia sacra (83%), Mondia whitei (81%), Hibiscus sabdariffa (80%), Hypoxis hemerocallidea (80%) and Tylosema esculentum (80%). Both lists reflect the recent interest in functional foods and dietary supplements.
CONCLUSION: Despite a marked recent increase in the number of publications on indigenous medicinal plants and dietary supplements, Africa lags behind Europe and Asia in terms of the number of products that have been commercialised and the percentage of the flora that is utilized for international trade. There is a tremendous potential for developing new crops and new products but much work remains to be done to generate more focussed and relevant pre-clinical data and convincing proof of concept through clinical studies.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec;176():118-34.
PMID: 26498493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 28. |
Genomic sequencing and microsatellite marker development for Boswellia papyrifera, an economically important but threatened tree native to dry tropical forests.
Addisalem AB, Esselink GD, Bongers F, Smulders MJ
Microsatellite (or simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers are highly informative DNA markers often used in conservation genetic research. Next-generation sequencing enables efficient development of large numbers of SSR markers at lower costs. Boswellia papyrifera is an economically important tree species used for frankincense production, an aromatic resinous gum exudate from bark. It grows in dry tropical forests in Africa and is threatened by a lack of rejuvenation. To help guide conservation efforts for this endangered species, we conducted an analysis of its genomic DNA sequences using Illumina paired-end sequencing. The genome size was estimated at 705 Mb per haploid genome. The reads contained one microsatellite repeat per 5.7 kb. Based on a subset of these repeats, we developed 46 polymorphic SSR markers that amplified 2-12 alleles in 10 genotypes. This set included 30 trinucleotide repeat markers, four tetranucleotide repeat markers, six pentanucleotide markers and six hexanucleotide repeat markers. Several markers were cross-transferable to Boswellia pirrotae and B. popoviana. In addition, retrotransposons were identified, the reads were assembled and several contigs were identified with similarity to genes of the terpene and terpenoid backbone synthesis pathways, which form the major constituents of the bark resin.
AoB Plants. 2015 Jan;7():.
PMID: 25573702 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 29. |
Micropropagation and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agent boswellic acid production in callus cultures of Boswellia serrata Roxb.
Nikam TD, Ghorpade RP, Nitnaware KM, Ahire ML, Lokhande VH, Chopra A
Micropropagation through cotyledonary and leaf node and boswellic acid production in stem callus of a woody medicinal endangered tree species Boswellia serrata Roxb. is reported. The response for shoots, roots and callus formation were varied in cotyledonary and leafy nodal explants from in vitro germinated seeds, if inoculated on Murshige and Skoog's (MS) medium fortified with cytokinins and auxins alone or together. A maximum of 8.0 ± 0.1 shoots/cotyledonary node explant and 6.9 ± 0.1 shoots/leafy node explants were produced in 91 and 88 % cultures respectively on medium with 2.5 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 200 mg l(-1) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Shoots treated with 2.5 μM IBA showed the highest average root number (4.5) and the highest percentage of rooting (89 %). Well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and 76.5 % of the plantlets showed survival upon transfer to field conditions. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of the micropropagated plants compared with mother plant revealed true-to-type nature. The four major boswellic acid components in calluses raised from root, stem, cotyledon and leaf explants were analyzed using HPLC. The total content of four boswellic acid components was higher in stem callus obtained on MS with 15.0 μM IAA, 5.0 μM BA and 200 mg l(-1) PVP. The protocol reported can be used for conservation and exploitation of in vitro production of medicinally important non-steroidal anti-inflammatory metabolites of B. serrata.
Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2013 Jan;19(1):105-16.
PMID: 24381442 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 30. |
Frankincense tapping reduces the carbohydrate storage of Boswellia trees.
Mengistu T, Sterck FJ, Fetene M, Bongers F
Carbohydrates fixed by photosynthesis are stored in plant organs in the form of starch or sugars. Starch and sugars sum to the total non-structural carbohydrate pool (TNC) and may serve as intermediate pools between assimilation and utilization. We examined the impact of tapping on TNC concentrations in stem-wood, bark and root tissues of the frankincense tree (Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst) in two natural woodlands of Ethiopia. Two tapping treatments, one without tapping (control) and the other with tapping at 12 incisions, are applied on experimental trees. Trees are tapped in the leafless dry period, diminishing their carbon storage pools. If storage pools are not refilled by assimilation during the wet season, when crowns are in full leaf, tapping may deplete the carbon pool and weaken Boswellia trees. The highest soluble sugar concentrations were in the bark and the highest starch concentrations in the stem-wood. The stem-wood contains 12 times higher starch than soluble sugar concentrations. Hence, the highest TNC concentrations occurred in the stem-wood. Moreover, wood volume was larger than root or bark volumes and, as a result, more TNC was stored in the stem-wood. As predicted, tapping reduced the TNC concentrations and pool sizes in frankincense trees during the dry season. During the wet season, these carbon pools were gradually filled in tapped trees, but never to the size of non-tapped trees. We conclude that TNC is dynamic on a seasonal time scale and offers resilience against stress, highlighting its importance for tree carbon balance. But current resin tapping practices are intensive and may weaken Boswellia populations, jeopardizing future frankincense production.
Tree Physiol. 2013 Jun;33(6):601-8.
PMID: 23729273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 31. |
Resin secretory structures of Boswellia papyrifera and implications for frankincense yield.
Tolera M, Menger D, Sass-Klaassen U, Sterck FJ, Copini P, Bongers F
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Frankincense, a gum-resin, has been tapped from Boswellia papyrifera trees for centuries. Despite the intensive tapping and economic interest of B. papyrifera, information on the resin secretory structures, which are responsible for synthesis, storage and transport of frankincense, is virtually absent. This study describes the type, architecture and distribution of resin secretory structures of B. papyrifera and its relevance for the ecophysiology and economic use of the tree.
METHODS: The type and architecture of resin secretory structures present in bark and wood was investigated from transversal, tangential and radial sections of bark and wood samples. The diameter and density (number of resin canals mm(-2)) of axial resin canals were determined from digital images of thin sections across the different zones of inner bark.
KEY RESULTS: Resin canals form a three-dimensional network within the inner bark. Yet, the intact resin-conducting and producing network is on average limited to the inner 6·6 mm of the inner bark. Within the inner bark, the density of non-lignified axial resin canals decreases and the density of lignified resin canals increases from the vascular cambium towards the outer bark. In the wood, only radial resin canals were encountered.
CONCLUSIONS: Frankincense tapping techniques can be improved based on knowledge of bark anatomy and distribution and architecture of resin secretory structures. The suggested new techniques will contribute to a more sustainable frankincense production that enhances the contribution of frankincense to rural livelihoods and the national economy.
Ann Bot. 2013 Jan;111(1):61-8.
PMID: 23223203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 32. |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and growth of frankincense seedlings under pulsed water availability conditions.
Birhane E, Sterck FJ, Fetene M, Bongers F, Kuyper TW
Under drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alter water relationships of plants and improve their resistance to drought. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested the effects of the AM symbiosis and precipitation regime on the performance (growth, gas exchange, nutrient status and mycorrhizal responsiveness) of Boswellia papyrifera seedlings. A continuous precipitation regime was imitated by continuous watering of plants to field capacity every other day during 4 months, and irregular precipitation by pulsed watering of plants where watering was switched every 15 days during these 4 months, with 15 days of watering followed by 15 days without watering. There were significantly higher levels of AM colonization under irregular precipitation regime than under continuous precipitation. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher biomass than control seedlings. Stomatal conductance and phosphorus mass fraction in shoot and root were also significantly higher for mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings under irregular watering had the highest biomass. Both a larger leaf area and higher assimilation rates contributed to higher biomass. Under irregular watering, the water use efficiency increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings through a reduction in transpiration, while in mycorrhizal seedlings irregular watering increased transpiration. Because assimilation rates increased even more, mycorrhizal seedlings achieved an even higher water use efficiency. Boswellia seedlings allocated almost all carbon to the storage root. Boswellia seedlings had higher mass fractions of N, P, and K in roots than in shoots. Irregular precipitation conditions apparently benefit Boswellia seedlings when they are mycorrhizal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2258-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Oecologia. 2012 Aug;169(4):895-904.
PMID: 22286084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 33. |
Leaf gas exchange in the frankincense tree (Boswellia papyrifera) of African dry woodlands.
Mengistu T, Sterck FJ, Fetene M, Tadesse W, Bongers F
A conceptual model was tested for explaining environmental and physiological effects on leaf gas exchange in the deciduous dry tropical woodland tree Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. For this species we aimed at (i) understanding diurnal patterns in leaf gas exchange, (ii) exploring cause-effect relationships among external environment, internal physiology and leaf gas exchange, and (iii) exploring site differences in leaf gas exchange in response to environmental variables. Diurnal courses in gas exchange, underlying physiological traits and environmental variables were measured for 90 trees on consecutive days at two contrasting areas, one at high and the other at low altitude. Assimilation was highest in the morning and slightly decreased during the day. In contrast, transpiration increased from early morning to midday, mainly in response to an increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and gradual stomatal closure. The leaf water potential varied relatively little and did not influence gas exchange during the measurement period. Our results suggest that the same cause-effect relationships function at contrasting areas. However, leaves at the higher altitude had higher photosynthetic capacity, reflecting acclimation to higher light levels. Trees at both areas nevertheless achieved similar leaf assimilation rates since assimilation was down-regulated by stomatal closure due to the higher VPD at the higher altitude, while it became more light limited at the lower altitude. Gas exchange was thus limited by a high VPD or low light levels during the wet season, despite the ability of the species to acclimate to different conditions.
Tree Physiol. 2011 Jul;31(7):740-50.
PMID: 21849593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 34. |
[Herbalism, botany and components analysis study on original plants of frankincense].
Sun L, Xu J, Jin H, Tian J, Lin R
In order to clarify original plants of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) frankincense, a GC method for determination essential oils and a HPLC method for determination boswellic acids were carried out together with analysis of herbalism, botany, components and pharmacology papers of frankincense. It was concluded that original plants of TCM frankincense include at least Boswellia sacra, B. papyrifera and B. serrata.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2011 Jan;36(2):112-6.
PMID: 21506404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 35. |
In vitro zygotic embryo germination and propagation of an endangered Boswellia serrata Roxb., a source of boswellic acid.
Ghorpade RP, Chopra A, Nikam TD
This study aims to establish an efficient protocol for development of seedlings of an endangered medicinally important forest tree Boswellia serrata Roxb., for mass plantation and consistent supply of salai guggul. The green mature fruits served as source of seeds. The excised green zygotic embryos were cultured on Gamborg (B5), McCown and Loyd (WPM) and Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) media fortified with different concentration of sucrose and on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3 % sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (0-300 mg l(-l)), Gibberellic acid (GA3), Indoleacetic acid (IAA), Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-Butyric acid (IBA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (Kin) individually. The highest frequency of embryo germination (96 %) and conversion into seedling was obtained on MS medium containing 3 % sucrose together with 200 mg l(-l) PVP; other media were either inferior or induced abnormalities in the seedlings including callus formation from the zygotic embryos. Fully developed seedlings could be successfully established in soil with about 94 % survival. The embryos from mature dry seeds did not respond for germination in any of the experiments. In conclusion, selection of zygotic embryo from green mature seeds and their in vitro germination is important for propagation of B. serrata.
Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2010 Apr;16(2):159-65.
PMID: 23572965 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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| 36. |
In vitro micropropagation of Boswellia ovalifoliolata.
Chandrasekhar T, Hussain TM, Jayanand B
A protocol for micropropagation of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal & Henry (Burseraceae) was developed using cotyledonary nodal explant on Murashige and Skoog modified medium (MS). A comparative study of micropropagation with 6-benzyladenine, kinetin and thidiazuron along with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (0.054 microM) was conducted. The highest shoot multiplication (7.1 +/- 0.2 shoots per node) was achieved in 50 d on MS supplemented with thidiazuron (2.72 microM). Excised shoot cuttings of 3.0 cm were placed on the MS basal medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid alone and in combinations for rooting. Activated charcoal (100 mg l(-1)) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (40 mg l(-1)) were added to the medium to prevent browning of cultures. The regenerated plantlets have been successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil.
Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2005;60(5-6):505-7.
PMID: 16042352 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 37. |
A chemical investigation by headspace SPME and GC-MS of volatile and semi-volatile terpenes in various olibanum samples.
Hamm S, Bleton J, Connan J, Tchapla A
Six different olibanum samples with certified botanical origin were analyzed by headspace SPME-GC/MS in order to define their mono-, sesqui- and diterpenic composition, as pertinent criteria of identification. Boswellia carteri and Boswellia sacra olibanum have quite similar chemical composition, with isoincensole acetate as the main diterpenic biomarker. Although Boswellia serrata olibanum also exhibits this biomarker, the presence of methylchavicol, methyleugenol and an unidentified oxygenated sesquiterpene distinguishes B. serrata olibanum from the two other species. The characteristic chemical compounds of Boswellia papyrifera are the diterpenic biomarkers incensole and its oxide and acetate derivatives, n-octanol and n-octyl acetate. Boswellia frereana olibanum is devoid of diterpenes of the incensole family but contains a high amount of many dimers of alpha-phellandrene. The chemical composition of olibanum, which is demonstrated to be different for each Boswellia species allowed the determination of the taxonomic origin of frankincense samples purchased on various markets in East Africa, in the Near East and in Yemen. Moreover, terpenic fingerprints allowed the botanical origin of olibanum used in traditional incense mixtures to be identified. Furthermore, this study gave us the opportunity to assign a botanical origin to an archaeological frankincense sample.
Phytochemistry. 2005 Jun;66(12):1499-514.
PMID: 15922374 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 38. |
Nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny and its implications for evolutionary trends in Mexican Bursera (Burseraceae).
Becerra JX, Venable DL
The genus Bursera (Burseraceae) is one of the most diversified and abundant groups of plants of the tropical dry forests of Mexico. In order to provide a basis for better understanding of its evolutionary biology, we reconstructed a phylogeny of 57 species and varieties using the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of 18S-26S and the 5.8S coding region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. We used four species of the allied genera Commiphora and Boswellia and one species of Spondias (Anacardiaceae) as outgroups. Our results support the views that Bursera is monophyletic and more closely related to Commiphora than to Boswellia. The division of Bursera into sections Bullockia and Bursera is also strongly supported by our phylogeny. Several other subclades also had high bootstrap values, especially within section Bursera. We use the phylogeny as a basis for discussing evolutionary tendencies in bark, leaves, breeding systems, and fruits.
Am J Bot. 1999 Jul;86(7):1047-57.
PMID: 10406728 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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